Types of clay kilns and a master class on making a kiln with your own hands

How to fire ceramics?

To properly fire ceramics, it is important to maintain the temperature regime in the kiln. Firing takes place in three stages:

1. Evaporation of moisture. The products are heated to 250 °C and kept at this temperature.
2. Heating up to 900 °C in a closed oven. Clay sintering occurs.
3. Gradual cooling.

Firing furnaces must not only develop the required temperature, but also allow it to be regulated. The design should be as simple as possible , loading and unloading products should be easy.

Making a kiln for firing ceramics with your own hands

If you have a need for a kiln for firing ceramic products, and in particular bricks, then you can follow one of these options: purchasing or erecting your own structure. It is also called muffle. Its heating components can develop temperatures to extreme values, allowing the ceramics to be fired. Also, such a furnace will make it possible to melt metals and harden steel. And you will do all this in your own home or workshop.

This oven can operate on a gas or electric basis. It is impossible to create the second one with your own efforts.

According to design specifications, the furnace may have pipes and hoods. The first ones are arranged horizontally, the second ones – vertically. You can also arrange a stove with pots.

Kiln

Clay and ceramic mixtures. Properties of clay

Clay is the basis for the production of tiles

It consists of oxygen, hydrogen, silicone and aluminum and when water is added it changes its structure, becoming more flexible and viscous. When water is removed, the clay hardens and becomes rigid. It is very important to know that clay that has only recently been dug out of the ground is not yet ready to be used as a raw material for ceramics. The working qualities of newly mined clay leave much to be desired

The main characteristics of clay that will be important to you are plasticity, firing temperature range and degree of shrinkage.

Plasticity of clay

Plasticity allows you to obtain complex shapes (such as the corners of steps, for example)

If the clay is too plastic, it will not have sufficient strength to make large-shaped products from it, and it will collapse at high temperatures. In this case, it is worth adding coarse-grained materials to it. Clay with a coarse-grained structure will not be sufficiently plastic, it will tear when twisted and molded, and it will be impossible to obtain the desired shape from it. To make it more convenient to work with, add stickier or more plastic clays to the composition.

The plasticity of clay can be easily determined by eye by squeezing and rolling out a lump. You can do a simple test - make a sausage out of clay and start bending it in an arc. The smaller the radius of the arc along which the clay bends and does not crack, the more plastic it is. Another simple way to determine plasticity is to tear a clay sausage into 2 parts. If the ends of the edges are thin and stretch like threads, the clay is plastic. If the ends are thick and dry, like stumps, and the clay itself crumbles in your hands, it has low plasticity. Potters call plastic clays fat clays, and low plasticity clays lean clays.

Let us repeat that none of these types of clays can be used in their pure form to prepare tiles; they will definitely need to be mixed to obtain the material of the desired consistency.

Clay firing temperature range

Each type of ceramic clay and each added ingredient has its own specific melting point, which determines the firing temperature required to sinter the clay when it turns into ceramic. The clay mass formula or formulation may include several different clays, as well as other non-clay materials that are added to obtain a material with certain properties, depending on the purpose of use of the product.

Potters distinguish low-melting clays (with a melting point below 1350 degrees), medium-melting clays (temperatures from 1350 to 1580) and refractory clays (temperatures, you guessed it, above 1580 degrees). The more plastic the clay, the lower the firing temperature it can withstand. To increase the temperature, add fireclay or pumice to the clay (with pumice the temperature will drop to 800 - 950 degrees).

Clay shrinkage rate

Your piece will change in mass and size during drying and firing as the water evaporates from it. When you are making tiles that are specifically designed for a limited space, you need to learn as much as possible about the shrinkage rate of the clay in question.

The greatest shrinkage occurs during firing, when chemically bound water leaves. Next, a continuous process of hardening and compression occurs with the formation of glass crystals in the fired clay, which transform the clay mass into ceramics. The higher the firing temperature, the more the clay shrinks. To reduce shrinkage, increase the amount of fireclay in the ceramic mass.

How to avoid cracking and deformation of clay

Whether you succeed or fail in your tile making venture depends on choosing the right type of clay. One of your biggest challenges will be to avoid cracking and warping during drying and firing. Fortunately, this task can be made easier by adding a significant amount of granules or particles of a coarse material such as fireclay to the clay. Ideally, the amount of fireclay should be from 15 to 40 percent, and it is desirable that the particles be of different sizes.

A good tile clay should contain 12/2? percent finely ground chamotte and 25% medium grinding. For those who already have experience working with ceramic masses, this amount may seem extremely large (and it is not suitable for making small ceramic figurines, where the fireclay content is unlikely to exceed 20%), but the open porous structure that is obtained thanks to the fireclay, allows the tiles to dry more evenly and avoid deformation.

Types of furnaces

There are different types of thermal energy sources:

• The oldest is the wood stove. The masters kept the secrets of firing and passed them on only to their students. Today, wood burning is very rare. Technological types have replaced them.
• The most popular is natural gas. With forced air injection, products can easily be heated to temperatures above 1500 °C . Gas equipment is easy to make with your own hands, and gas can be purchased in liquefied form in cylinders.
• The most high-tech is electricity. Electric spirals are evenly laid inside the oven, quickly and accurately heating the chamber with the products. Such equipment is more difficult to manufacture; high voltage requires compliance with safety precautions and electrical installation rules.

Photo 1. Small electric kiln for firing ceramics with evenly laid out spirals inside.

Wood-burning: structure and principle of operation

This is a great option for a beginner potter. It does not require large material costs to manufacture, and dry firewood is available everywhere. Wood stoves come in several types :

Earthen

A descendant of the ancient technology of burning in a fire flame. Above the narrow pit - the firebox - a clay roof is built on which the products are laid.
A vault of bricks or strips of clay is built around the products, and a smoke hole is left at the top. The design works like this: charcoal is burned in the firebox, which gives a high temperature and does not smoke.

Classification

Special kilns are manufactured industrially. Among them there is also professional equipment, which is quite expensive (from 35 thousand rubles). However, it is not necessary to purchase such devices. You can also make them yourself. There are several classifications of kilns. One of the most important criteria is the operating temperature.

The highest category is equipment where heating is carried out to 1400-2000 °C.

The next group is furnaces operating at temperatures of 900-1400 °C. (400-900 °C) operate at moderate rates . And the last group is characterized by low temperature conditions (up to 500 ° C) . The most beneficial are ovens with the ability to regulate the temperature.

Depending on the energy sources used, such firing devices are divided into electric, gas and solid fuel. Industrial designs are only of the first and second types. As for wood-burning equipment, these can only be homemade stoves. The use of solid fuel is not capable of heating to high temperatures.

Another important indicator of the furnace’s performance is its power. For small units with a chamber volume of up to 50 liters, the following rule must be followed: 100 W per liter. If the unit has a large chamber volume (100-500 l), the ratio will be different: 50-70 W per 1 l.

According to their configuration, furnaces are divided into three types:

1. Bell bells.
2. Tubular with vertical loading.
3. Chamber with horizontal loading.

The advantages of tubular devices include the uniform distribution of heat in them. The other two types are more suitable for mass production and firing of large products. For insufficiently experienced craftsmen, furnaces equipped with a viewing window are suitable, allowing them to control the firing process.

Modern units are equipped with fire-resistant elements made of high-quality materials, which are characterized by low weight and low thermal conductivity. Heavy structures using fireclay are already a thing of the past.

Method one. Making a chamber stove from a refrigerator or washing machine

For such a design you will need only three main elements:

• metal body (suitable for a washing machine or refrigerator);
• heating coils;
• chamber made of fireclay material.

When everything necessary for work is ready, we proceed directly to the manufacturing process.

1. First, it strengthens the bottom of the metal case. We use a steel corner for this purpose (as an option, it can be replaced with an ordinary pipe with a diameter of 1.5 centimeters). We weld pieces of corners/pipes into the corners of the bottom - they will serve as support legs for us.
2. In addition, we need to similarly strengthen the top of the frame, the door, and at least one of the sides (the one to which the door hinges will subsequently be welded).
3. We lay a 1-centimeter layer of basalt wool on the bottom of the body (a similar layer must be laid on the inner walls). To avoid deformation of the insulation under the weight of the chamber, we lay several pieces of metal corner or rectangular pipe. At the end of these procedures, we cover the insulation with a sheet of metal.
4. After this, we decide on the fireproof material that we will use in the manufacture of the chamber. Ideally, these should be fibrous fireclay slabs, which can either be cut on site after purchase or ordered in the required sizes. Our DIY clay kiln requires six of these slabs.

There is another way - to build a chamber from heat-resistant brick, since this material is sold everywhere and is used for laying stoves and fireplaces. For the chamber of such a furnace, it is recommended to use lightweight bricks marked “ShL” (for example, “ShL-0.5”).

5. We bind the bricks using mortar, which corresponds to the marking of the material. There is also a cheaper option - ordinary fireclay clay or fireclay masonry mixture.

This mixture is sold in the same place where bricks or fireplaces are sold. To fix the brick on a metal surface, add a little cement to the mixture (about 30 percent of the total volume).

6. Now we begin the laying itself. We adjust the bricks as tightly as possible relative to each other, making the seams between them no larger than 0.5 centimeters. If necessary, we cut individual bricks to the required dimensions.
7. We start laying from the bottom of the box. Dissolve the mixture with water and mix thoroughly. Before installing each brick, we moisten it with water, otherwise the mixture will dry too quickly.

Note! To create the outer layer, we prepare the solution separately - with the addition of cement.

8. We begin to raise the walls. We place sheet metal and insulation in the gap between the body and the brick layer. If the brick is laid flat, then we can not use insulation.
9. The upper part will take more time: the bricks along the edges need to be laid with a slight upward slope, and trapezoidal blocks must be laid between them.

The door is also lined with fireclay bricks. We make a quarter around the perimeter in such a way that a protrusion eventually appears (we will place it in the stove window).

10. We weld the hinges and adjust the door. We must ensure that the gap between the brick layer of the body and the door is minimal.
11. After the masonry has dried, we begin the next stage of work. On the surface of the bricks we must make grooves into which the heating coil will be laid. We use a spiral of nichrome wire 0.1 centimeters in diameter; the diameter of the coil will be about 0.5-0.7 centimeters. The grooves should be the same depth/thickness.
12. When heated, the wire can expand, and the spirals, in turn, “climb out” of the grooves. Therefore they should be recorded. The image below shows the main ways to install spirals:

• using small pieces of wire;
• through a groove located at an angle;
• by means of a groove having a protrusion;
• using an MKR tube.

Note! A very important point: the turns should not contact each other!

• We make 2 circuits from the spirals so that the temperature can be adjusted using a switch (the same as in an electric stove).

We bring the ends of the spirals upward.

• We mount a ceramic plate on top (for example, from a burner) and fix the ends of the spiral with bolts.
• We will equip our kiln for firing clay with our own hands with the switch shown below, in which there will be three contacts on one side and two on the other.
• We mount the switch in such a way that its pin goes out, i.e., onto the front panel. We connect all the wires, on the side where there are only two contacts, we connect zero and phase.
Read also:  Gas fireplaces are a multifunctional and high-tech heating system.
• We connect the cables leading from the plate to the other three contacts. Typically, one of the cables should close a pair of contacts on the edge of the plate.
• As a result, we should get the following: at the first “speed”, the spiral circuits will be connected in a certain sequence, since in this case the temperature will be the lowest.

If the “speed” is second, then only 1 circuit will be connected due to the fact that the temperature will be higher. It is characteristic that this should be the circuit that is drawn from below, so that the elements located in the lower part are also heated.

Finally, at the third “speed” the circuits are connected simultaneously - here the temperature will be maximum.

• This, in principle, ends the furnace manufacturing process. At the end, we need to thoroughly dry the structure, for which we place it in open sunlight or next to a heating radiator for at least 1-2 months. After this period, we need to perform final drying by running the device for 3-4 hours at the minimum “speed”. When steam is no longer billowing from the structure, the device can be turned off - it is completely dry. We can proceed directly to firing!

How to make a ceramic kiln:

The process of creating a stove yourself begins with the presence of a gas stove that is no longer suitable for use. It will become the body of the future furnace. All plastic components (if any) must be removed from it. If you don’t have it at your disposal, you can weld the body yourself using sheet steel. Its minimum thickness is 2 mm.

Scheme of a kiln for firing ceramics

It will be possible to burn bricks at home if you properly arrange the thermal insulation of the stove you are creating. This characteristic will have a powerful impact on the efficiency of the installation.

When organizing internal thermal insulation, work with fire-resistant bricks (fireclay). Perlite is suitable for external thermal insulation. It will significantly reduce heat loss to the external environment. Instead, there is a suitable option - basalt wool. And asbestos is absolutely not suitable here. Because when it heats up, carcinogenic elements are released.

There must be heating components inside the oven. Usually these are special spirals. They can be created from the following types of wire: nichrome or fechral. In any case, its permissible thickness is 1 mm. When using the first option, you guarantee an excellent plastic spiral that is resistant to corrosion.

Kiln for firing ceramics

If you use the second option, you will provide yourself with good savings. The low price parameter is due to the fact that such wire contains a small proportion of aluminum.

To build your intended furnace, create an arsenal of necessary materials and tools in advance. Most likely you will also need clay. The required tools are:

Bulgarian; welding equipment; metal scissors; means to protect against potential injuries (burns).

Required supply of materials:

steel (corners made of it); fireproof brick; heat-resistant silicone; fire-resistant mixture; basalt wool; wire (one of the two types indicated).

If you are creating such a stove not based on a gas stove, then you need sheet iron. It is cut in advance with a grinder. Whatever directional furnace (vertical or horizontal) you want to create, you need to follow one technology.

On the designated sheet, cut out a rectangular strip of the required parameters.

Then bend the workpiece into a pipe. Here you need to form a seam. This will require welding equipment. To protect against corrosion, coat it with fire-resistant paint. This requires several layers.

After forming a cylinder, weld a circle to it. She will become his bottom. Make it also from iron sheet. Its diameter must correspond to the diameter of this cylinder.

The walls of the hull and bottom need to be strengthened. What is steel reinforcement suitable for? When calculating the dimensions of the housing, take into account that some of its internal space will be occupied by a thermal protective layer and fireclay bricks. This brick rests on a composition that includes clay.

A refrigerator can also serve as a housing. Its bottom and walls are reinforced using the same method. Only here are steel corners used.

Protect the inner sides of the housing walls with basalt wool. It needs a very thick layer.

Method two. We make a stove without having a metal casing at hand

The manufacturing process in this case is not much different from that described above, but there are definitely some nuances here. Let's start with the fact that the working volume of the design below will be about 13 liters. The spiral, as mentioned above, can warm up to a thousand degrees in just 1.5 hours, while the temperature of the outer walls of the device will not exceed 100 degrees. The algorithm of actions should be as follows.

Step 1. First, using a 4x2 centimeter profile pipe (with a square cross-section), we build a stand for the device. After this, we paint the finished stand with enamel.

Step 2. We attach a sheet of galvanized steel on top of the stand (its thickness should be approximately 0.1 centimeters), using “metal” self-tapping screws.

Step 3. We make the walls from fireclay bricks and a special fireplace composition (everything is the same as in the previous version). After the solution hardens, we make grooves for the spiral.

Step 4. We assemble the bottom from brick separately, and use the same mortar for fastening. Before continuing work, wait until the structure is completely dry. Do not forget to wet each brick immediately before laying.

Step 5. We lay a thermal insulation layer on top of the metal base (we can use the same basalt wool for this). In order to maximize compaction of this layer, it must be moistened before fixing the brick bottom.

Step 6. We continue the traditional laying of the stove, but we try to ensure that all voids and seams are carefully filled.

Step 7. We traditionally make the lid for the chamber from fireclay bricks, but at the same time we fasten them together with a metal tie.

Step 8. Place the spiral in the prepared grooves and insulate the structure from the outside with thermal insulation material. Next, we cover everything with sheets of galvanized steel, which are cut according to the dimensions of the resulting chamber.

As you can see, this requires knowledge not only in the furnace business, but also in the field of electricity. You can see another possible manufacturing method in the video below.

Method three. Making a vertical muffle furnace

Despite the fact that we do not recommend making this kiln for firing clay with your own hands, we will still briefly consider its design. The design diagram is shown in the image below. It consists of a ready-made muffle (1) and a burner (3) from a regular tile. The volume of the muffle will be 3 liters, it will warm up to eight hundred degrees. The ratio should be approximately the same as in the diagram, although minor deviations are still acceptable.

We purchase the burner separately and, installing it on a sheet of steel, we power it from a cylinder equipped with a reducer. Using a jet, we adjust the heating intensity (the same as in a regular stove). The body (2) may not be as strong as the muffle, for this reason we make it ourselves. To do this, you will need fluffed asbestos and fireproof clay.

Step 1. First of all, we ferment the clay to create a box: pour the clay powder into the prepared container, add water along the filling line, and then forget about it for about 24 hours. After a day, we begin mixing the solution to the consistency of plasticine, add 1/4 of the refractory sand.

Step 2. Next, add one or two parts of fluffed asbestos, mix the solution thoroughly. At the same time, we prepare a wax blank for the inner cone in the body. All external elements are made by hand or using a pottery wheel. We leave holes for the steel legs (although these legs can be made from the same composition).

Note! In this case, there is no need to check the clay for fat content. The natural fat content of this material is quite sufficient for this design.

Step 3. Then we dry the structure for two weeks at a temperature of 25-27 degrees. After this time, we melt the wax using a household hair dryer, since it is no longer suitable for further use.

Step 4. We continue to make a kiln for firing clay with our own hands. Now we need to burn the dried body. We lay it out of dry bricks and enclose it with a metal mesh about 75 centimeters high (this is necessary so that the coals do not crumble, but oxygen flows to them). We place the structure on the floor, cover it with a ceramic container and fill it with firewood to the level of the top of the fence.

Step 5. Light the fuel from below. We add firewood until the hot coals completely hide our workpiece. After this, continuing to gradually feed the flame, we maintain the combustion for another five to six hours. And then, when the ash has cooled, we remove the workpiece.

Note! The firing procedure must be carried out under some kind of canopy. Drops of moisture are not allowed!

Step 6. The final firing is carried out in a finished furnace (that is, in the shell), between the cheeks of which thermal insulating material is laid. We install an empty muffle in the appropriate place. We activate the burner (at minimum power), then gradually increase the flame to maximum (in about half an hour). We warm up the stove for another 1.5 hours, after which we can proceed directly to its operation.

As you can see, if desired, and also if you have certain knowledge, making a kiln is not difficult. But follow safety rules - both when working and when using the structure! That's all, good work and warm winters to you!

Making a stove with your own hands

Wood stoves

Wood-burning kilns for firing ceramics are made mainly from brickwork, although the kiln can also be made from a barrel, but in any case it will need to be lined with refractory bricks. To do this, first of all, you need to prepare the foundation, and only then begin laying bricks. The foundation is also made of brick. Then it is necessary to install the body on the foundation; what it will be, in the form of a barrel or made of brick, everyone decides for themselves. But a body made from a barrel is convenient because it will be enough to cut a hole for firewood, it will take a minimum of time, but building a brick body will take much more time and effort.

Having cut a hole for firewood and cut out the bottom, we move on to the next stage. We install the barrel on the foundation and line the inside with bricks to the very top. In the middle of the masonry it is necessary to install a grate on which the products will be fired. The lid will be the bottom, which was cut from the barrel.

This is the kind of wood-burning kiln you should get for firing ceramics. This stove can only be installed outdoors. Today, wood firing of ceramics is becoming less and less common, since for the desired temperature you have to wait a long time before sending the product into the kiln. And besides, a wood-burning oven is only suitable for a small batch of firing.

Electric oven

An electric pottery kiln can be made from improvised means such as an old refrigerator or washing machine. But if you do not have such housings, then you can use a galvanized sheet from which you need to make a housing. The body can be of absolutely any size and shape.

Next, we strengthen the bottom, for which you can use either corners or pipes that need to be welded to the bottom. It is necessary to weld legs made of pipes of larger diameter to the corners of the structure so that the stove stands firmly.

We lay basalt wool 10 mm thick on the bottom and walls of the structure. It is necessary to place several pipes on the bottom of the cotton wool so that the wool does not wrinkle and only then lay the metal sheet. There is no need to lay pipes on the sides; a galvanized sheet on top is sufficient.

Next, the inside of the structure must be lined with bricks. You need to start from the bottom and you need to prepare a fire-resistant masonry mixture in advance for sealing the seams, which should be no more than 6 mm. Before laying the brick, it must be wetted so that the mixture on it does not dry out quickly.

Now we move on to the walls of the structure, so that the brick is supported on galvanized sheets, about 30% cement must be added to the mixture. We do the same with the top.

Next, you need to make a door, which will consist of the same galvanized sheet and bricks. The bricks must be laid out on a sheet according to the same principle as the walls of the stove were laid out. After this, you can weld the hinges and install the door.

At this stage, the oven should be left to dry for some time. After it dries, we proceed to installing the heating element. To do this, we make 7-8 mm grooves inside the walls, since we will use a spiral of the same diameter as a heating element. When heated, it will expand, so to prevent the spiral from coming out of the grooves, it is necessary to secure it with wire.

It is necessary to make 2 spiral circuits so that you can regulate the temperature inside the oven with a switch.

We bring the ends of the wire up.

At the top we install a ceramic plate, which must be secured and the ends of the wire attached to it with bolts.

In this design we will use a switch like this.

The switch must be installed so that its protruding part is outside on the front panel, and we connect the wires. Phase and zero are suitable for two contacts.

To the rest we connect the wires that go to the plate. One wire (blue in the photo) closes the 2 outer contacts.

Upon completion, it should look like this: at the first “speed” the circuits of the spirals are connected in series, this is the lowest temperature. And the third “speed” is the highest temperature.

The chamber kiln for firing clay is ready, now all that remains is to wait until it is completely dry and can be used for its intended purpose. It may take about a month to dry the stove, after which it must be connected to the network at low speed and left until steam stops coming from it. It is better to connect such a stove to a reinforced outlet.

If you need a muffle furnace for firing ceramics, then it can be made according to the same principle, only the heating elements will have to be located around the muffle.

This version of the stoves is more popular and easier both to operate and to manufacture. If you want to make a clay kiln with your own hands on gas, then in this case, you can use a 200-liter barrel as a body. It must be cut into two parts so that the lower part is larger. Than the top, since the top will be the lid.

The barrel must be lined inside with high-temperature mats in 3 layers and attached to the base with homemade ceramic buttons, and do the same with the lid. Don’t forget to make a small hole at the bottom for a gas burner, 20 by 20 cm. The lid also needs a hole for moisture evaporation. As a result, you should end up with a simple oven like this, to which you only need to install gas heating elements.

Making a clay kiln at home is quite simple, but the benefits are much greater.

Operating rules

The electric oven may only be plugged into a reinforced socket. You can also run a large cross-section wire directly from the shield. In addition, it would be useful to install a circuit breaker.

Since this device model has exposed wires, you need to be extremely careful with it. Do not touch the coils while the oven is running. To avoid accidents, it is recommended to install a limit switch on the door, which will turn off the unit when the door is opened. If you are not very good at electrical work, seek the help of a specialist who can help make the device as safe as possible, including grounding it.

Making a muffle electric furnace with your own hands

Before starting work, select materials, instruments, and electrical equipment. The oven is connected to the household electrical network .

Selection of materials

The stove of this model is compact; its production does not require special materials and parts . To work you will need:

1. mortar (ready mix) - 5 kg >;
2. sheet steel thick (2.2 sq. m);
3. fireclay bricks 16 pieces;
4. rolled mineral wool (basalt);
5. tube made of fiberglass , ceramics (diameter 10 mm , length - 15 cm >);
6. rolled steel angle section - 3 m >;
7. spiral (fechral, ​​nichrome) for electric stove (1.6 m);
8. thermocouple.

Important! Used materials and electrical components do not guarantee normal operation of the electric furnace.

Preparing tools and equipment

To lay the muffle you will need stove maker tools (trowel, spatula, tape measure). To work you need to buy or rent equipment and tools:

Step-by-step instruction

Before starting work, mix the masonry mortar. Construction of an electric furnace includes the following stages:

1. Sheet steel is marked , outlined using a pencil, ruler and square, then the parts of the casing and door are cut out with a grinder.
2. The casing is welded using a welding machine .
3. Fastenings for the door are welded to the casing . A lock is welded onto the door.
4. Grooves are made in the bricks using a Pobedit drill (for a spiral).
5. A frame (for the muffle chamber) from an angle profile
6. A muffle (chamber) in the frame
7. The chamber is dried for 5-6 days.
8. carefully placed into the grooves, the ends are brought out beyond the muffle through a pre-drilled hole.
9. The spiral is fixed in 3-4 places with a solution.
10. A thermocouple is inserted through the hole into the muffle chamber ; the contacts are protected with a fiberglass tube.
11. The places where the wires come out are covered with masonry mortar.
12. The chamber is dried for 2-4 days.
13. is placed on the back wall of the housing .
14. A lattice stand is placed in the body , and a muffle is placed on it.

Important! The grid plays an important role , thanks to it the heavy muffle will not compress the porous heat insulator.

1. The gap between the body and the fireclay chamber is filled with a porous thermal insulator (mineral wool).
2. A layer of porous thermal insulator and fireclay plates to the inner surface of the door
3. The door is hung on hinges , and the seals are adjusted to the dimensions of the chamber.

Photo 2. Finished working chamber of the muffle furnace: metal casing, layer of insulating material, brick with a spiral.

The brick does not have to be attached to the door. When firing, it can be placed directly in the muffle, in front of the door. The next stage of installation is connecting the stove to the electrical network . For this you will need:

• thermostat;
• electromagnetic starter (relay);
• terminal blocks (made of heat-resistant plastic);
• steel casing for the shield;
• electrical two-core wires;
• fork.

Reference. The technical parameters of the circuit are calculated in advance . Based on the calculations, a thermostat and relay and heater parameters are selected.

In the electric furnace under consideration, a standard M-1-K thermostat . The device allows you to set the firing temperature to 1250–1350 °C. four buttons on the front panel of the device to switch modes . Connecting the thermostat is described step by step in the documentation for the device. The thermostat, electromagnetic starter, and terminal block are mounted in a shield box with brackets and bolts.

Possible problems and difficulties

A big problem during the construction and startup of a furnace is the incorrectly selected electrical equipment, heating elements, and spiral parameters.

This leads to destruction of the heating elements or coil. If the technician does not have experience in calculating electrical circuits, you should seek help from a professional electrician.

When laying a fireclay brick muffle, mortar or fireclay-sand mixture is not always used . Instead, amateur craftsmen take a regular clay-sand mixture. As a result, cracks appear . When the furnace is first started, the cracks increase. To solve the problem, the muffle is disassembled and the bricks are placed on fireclay mortar.

Advice. For a muffle furnace, fireclay bricks with the letter “Ш” are suitable . Brick with the letter “U” (recycling) is less durable.

When making an electric muffle furnace, not all home craftsmen install thermostats . This leads to overheating and damage to products already at the first start-up. To solve the problem, you should install a thermocouple and a thermostat.

If old, used brick cracks appear in it even during test runs . The camera will have to be dismantled and a new one built.