Estimated outside air temperature for heating design: do-it-yourself installation instructions, low-temperature systems, adjusting radiators in an apartment, what is the maximum water heating

Fight for warmth

It is better to think about possible heat loss in your home in the summer. But if this has not been done, then it is possible to insulate the house with the onset of winter. The first thing to do is to identify weak points where heat loss is possible.

Windows according to standards

The main source of cold is windows. Nowadays there are double-glazed windows above heating radiators and radiators almost everywhere. But even plastic window frames age. The sealing rubber becomes unusable.

Central heating in the apartment

The windows begin to let in the cold. The easiest way is to stretch plastic film over the frames. It is sold in stores in rolls. This material does not have any effect on the transparency of the glass. Heat loss in radiators or radiators will be reduced.

The film is fixed to the glass. Before this, the frames are thoroughly washed. Double-sided tape is applied around the perimeter. A film is attached to it. It's easier to do this together.

Battery on the wall

If wrinkles have formed on the coating, heat the film with a hairdryer until they straighten out. Then all that remains is to seal the frames. They do this with single-sided tape. Such a simple method helps to retain up to 20% of heat.

Every morning you should open the curtains and raise the blinds. The apartment is perfectly warmed by sunlight penetrating into the room through the glass. Double glass frames create a magnifying effect, enhancing the warmth of sunlight. When it gets dark, the windows should be closed. At night, glass draws heat out of the room.

Radiator under the central window

Batteries according to standards

The batteries are located along the walls. Dank damp partitions take away heat. A simple reflector will help avoid this. A reflector is not a technical device. This is simply a sheet of foil attached to a radiator or radiator.

The reflector sheet is made slightly larger than the area occupied by the radiator or radiator. A homemade reflector will raise the room temperature by at least 2 degrees.

Porilex and penofol have lower thermal conductivity than foil. This is facilitated by the insulation layer they have.

Heating batteries

It is necessary to require compliance with water standards in heating devices from utility services. But the comfort in the house cannot be left only to the mercy of the management company. It is always safer to take care of the microclimate in your home yourself.

Temperature of heating radiators in the apartment standards

Apartment heating standards determine the specific value of a sufficient indicator for residential and non-residential premises, with permissible deviations from their indicators.

They are developed more simply than for work premises, since those living in the housing exhibit low and, at the same time, stable activity:

For residential premises, the air temperature is from 20 to 22 degrees Celsius, while acceptable limits are considered to be from 18 to 24 degrees;
If we take corner rooms, then the indicator should not be less than twenty degrees, since such rooms are more susceptible than others to low external temperatures and winds;

Air ratio parameters

The room must have a certain air exchange rate, for example, if the room is residential and has an area of 18 or 20 m2, then the rate should be 3 m3/h per square meter. m., the same parameters are also necessary in regions where the temperature reaches −31°C and drops below. In dormitory kitchens and apartments equipped with electric and gas two-burner stoves and having an area of up to 18 m2, aeration is 60 m3/h. If there is a three-burner appliance in the room, then this value will be 75 m3/h, if there is a gas stove with four burners - 90 m3/h. For a bathroom with an area of 25 m2, the air exchange rate should be 25 m3/h, and for an individual restroom with an area of 18 m2 - 25 m3/h. If the bathtub and toilet are combined and their area is 25 m2, then the aeration is 50 m3/h. If the common restroom has an area of 16 m2, then an air exchange rate of up to 50 m3/h is required for one toilet, and 25 m3/h for a urinal. If the room is corner, then the room should be 2°C higher than usual. During warm periods, the temperature in the elevator room should not exceed 40°C.

Requirements for heating networks

With centralized heat supply, the heat source is a boiler house or a thermal power plant, where high-temperature water-heating boilers are installed (in thermal power plants - steam boilers). The fuel is usually natural gas, with other energy sources being used to a lesser extent. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the hot water boiler is 115 °C, but the water does not boil when it is under pressure. The need to heat up to 115 °C is explained by the fact that boiler plants operate at maximum efficiency in this mode. The transition from 115 °C to the required temperature value is provided by plate or shell-and-tube heat exchangers. At a thermal power plant, waste steam from turbines enters heat exchangers to produce electricity. According to regulatory requirements, the water temperature in heating pipes should not exceed 105 ° C, the lower limit depends on street conditions. In this range, the heating of water in the heating network is regulated depending on the weather, for which each boiler room has a temperature graph of the heating system. For home networks, 2 calculation schedules are used: 105/70 °C; 95/70 °C.

These figures show the maximum temperature of the supply and return water during the most severe frosts in a particular area. But at the beginning and end of the heating season, when the weather is not yet too cold, there is no point in heating the coolant to 105 °C, so a real temperature heating schedule is drawn up, which describes to what extent the water should be heated at different outside temperatures. The dependence of heating on weather conditions is shown in the table, which presents excerpts from the graph for the city of Ufa: Average daily street air temperature, °C at the supply with a design schedule of 105/70 at the supply with a design schedule of 95/70 in the return +8 43 41 36 56 52 43 -5 64 59 48 -10 71 65 52 -15 78 72 56 -20 85 78 59 -25 92 84 63 -30 99 89 67 -35 105 95 70

Standards for heat supply in an apartment building

Using the table above, you can easily determine the water temperature in a panel heating system (or any other) by using a regular thermometer at the time of draining part of the coolant from the system. For the forward branch, use the data in columns 5 and 6, and for the return branch, use the data in column 7. Note that the first three columns establish the release temperature of the water, that is, without taking into account losses in the transmission main pipelines. It is better to choose a three-phase electric boiler. The power of the equipment varies. To determine the required boiler power, you need to divide the area of the house by 10. So, if the area of the house is 140 sq.m. you will need a boiler with a power of 14 kW. To save money, you can set a two-tariff mode for using electrical energy. For convectors, the calculation is carried out according to a similar scheme.

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Temperature measurement techniques

An ordinary household thermometer on the surface of a heating device. A device designed to measure temperature in a non-contact manner. Such a meter is called -

. Alcohol thermometer. A special electrical device. If you take measurements with an ordinary thermometer, you will need to add a few more degrees to the indicators. The most accurate readings can be obtained using an infrared device - a pyrometer. Its error is no more than 0.5 degrees. To regularly monitor temperature, use only the safest device - an alcohol thermometer. For these purposes, it is attached to the radiator using tape and wrapped in thermal insulation material. How to use the electric version of the thermometer? You need to take a wire with a thermocouple and attach it to the heating device. This is how the indicators are taken. If a commission comes to your apartment to measure the temperature of the batteries, they must have a certified device. You have the right to demand from a representative of the inspecting organization documents confirming that the equipment has passed state verification. Very serious requirements are imposed on the heating system. The process of delivering hot coolant using circulation pumps (the installation rules for the heating system are written here) to a residential building and its uniform distribution throughout all apartments is not an easy task. This issue must be approached responsibly, and with an understanding of all the technological subtleties. In order for the heating system to work efficiently, all its elements must function harmoniously. This applies to all pipes and radiators in each of the apartments of a multi-story building. Therefore, when replacing radiators (read how to install heating radiators in a private house in this article), you need to take into account the features and subtleties of the heating main. If this is not done, some apartments will experience an excess of heat, while bad times will come for the residents of other apartments (they will have cold radiators). How can the heating of urban dwellings be optimized? Answer: by introducing the following standards: the safety regulations state that the temperature of the working liquid substance in the heating main must be 20 degrees less than the temperature of self-igniting materials. For residential multi-apartment buildings, the coolant limit has established standards - 65 - 115 degrees Celsius (this takes into account seasonality); if the water, for some reason, overheats and reaches a reading of 105 degrees, emergency measures must be taken to prevent it from boiling; the standard limit for water circulating through the batteries is 75 degrees. In case this indicator is exceeded by the battery needs to install a restrictive structure (about methods of heating in a private house is written here); in regions located in the middle latitudes of our country, the heating season, as a rule, begins on the fifteenth of October and ends on the fifteenth of April. In some cases, these standards may be changed. Service providers should rely on the average daily outdoor temperature.

The coolant temperature in the heating system is normal

In its natural state, water contains various salts and oxygen, which can adversely affect the internal condition of the components and parts of the heating system. Salt can have a corrosive effect on materials, and will also cause scale to build up on the internal walls of pipes and elements of the heating system.

The heat capacity of antifreeze is 15% lower than that of water, which means they will release heat more slowly;
They have a fairly high viscosity, which means that a fairly powerful circulation pump will need to be installed in the system.
When heated, antifreeze increases in volume more than water, which means that the heating system must include a closed expansion tank, and radiators must have a larger capacity than those used to organize a heating system in which water is the coolant.
The speed of the coolant in the heating system - that is, the fluidity of antifreeze is 50% greater than that of water, which means that all connecting connectors of the heating system must be very carefully sealed.
Antifreeze, which includes ethylene glycol, is toxic to humans, so it can only be used for single-circuit boilers.

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The apartment is cold, why complain?

Before you go looking for heat, you should remember that heat in the room will be supplied through the heating system only when the outside temperature reaches a certain level.

Standards require heating to start when the outside temperature is no more than 8 degrees. This temperature indicator must last for five days in a row, and only after this the rooms will begin to be heated.

When the heating in the house is adjusted, and temperature deviations are observed only in your room, it is necessary to check the indoor heating system for airing.

It is enough to feel the individual batteries in the apartment from top to bottom, and back. If some of the batteries are noticeably warm and the rest are cold, you can be sure that airing is the cause of the thermal imbalance. The air is released using a separate tap, which is located on each radiator battery.

Before opening the tap, you should place some container under it. When you open the tap, water should come out of it with a characteristic hissing sound. If the water begins to flow smoothly and without hissing, it means that the air has been released from the system, and the job is done.

After this, you should fix the tap in the closed position. After a while, check the cold spots on the battery, they should warm up.

If the problem is not with the batteries and they are completely cold, you should contact the management company. The technician will arrive within 24 hours. He will be able to draw a conclusion about the temperature conditions in the home and, if necessary, call a team that will fix all the problems.

When the management company did not respond to your appeal or the appearance of a technician did not change the situation, you should take temperature measurements in your home yourself, calling your neighbors.

When you have a device such as a pyrometer at your disposal, you should use it to take the necessary temperature measurements. Record all data in a report on measuring the air temperature in your home. It is compiled in the usual form. Let the neighbors sign the act.

You should pay attention to the fact that the temperature regime is determined by the “Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Residential Buildings and Premises” SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00. Recorded measurements should be compared with the limit values specified in SanPiN

Then you need to go back to the management company and the organization that supplies the house with heat to write a written complaint

Recorded measurements should be compared with the limit values specified in SanPiN. Then you need to go back to the management company and the organization that supplies the house with heat to write a written complaint.

The document is drawn up in two copies. One of the copies must be in your hands with a stamp, signed indicating the details of the person who accepted the document and the date of receipt of the document. The second one must be submitted for consideration.

If you were not satisfied with the answer, then there is no need to leave everything halfway, move on. You should contact the district Prosecutor's Office and the Housing Inspectorate, since it is she who is authorized to monitor the work of the management company and other communal structures.

Also write a letter to Rospotrebnadzor (based on the violation of your consumer rights). You can use the Rospotrebnadzor hotline (8-80-010-000-04).

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Construction sites of buildings and structures

Outdoor air parameters are set according to SNiP 23-01–99, taking into account the requirements of SNiP 23-02–2003.

3.1.1. The average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a probability of 0.92 according to column 5 of Table 1 SNiP 23-01–99 or according to Appendix 1 of these instructions for a specific construction site. In the absence of data for a specific location, the calculated outdoor air temperature should be taken for the nearest populated area, which is specified in SNiP 23-01–99.

3.1.2.

The humidity regime of the building construction area, necessary for the selection of thermal performance indicators of external fencing materials, should be taken according to the humidity map of the territory of Russia given in Appendix 2.

Strict recording of temperature standards for heating radiators in an apartment is important

Knowing the room temperature standards will help you detect a malfunction and contact the appropriate authority for a solution.

Temperature indicators are regulated by GOST and SNiP standards.

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The main indicator is indicated in document number 51617-2000. In accordance with it, the temperature should be:

on a flight of stairs - 14-20 degrees;
in the lobby and corridors - 16-22;
in hallways, living rooms and other rooms of the apartment - 18-25;
in the bathroom - about 24.

The temperature is more precisely regulated by GOST 30494-2011:

Season	Room	Recommended value +/- 1
Cold	Residential	21
Residential, in the north	22
Kitchen	20
Toilet	20
Bathroom	25
Inter-apartment corridor	19
Children's	24
Warm	Any	23

Minimum indicators

Heating rooms is important at any time of the year, but especially in winter.

The heating system has typical temperature values that must be observed.

For each room there is a small interval presented in the table above. There is no minimum threshold as such.

But there are several indicators, a drop below which indicates a malfunction. This applies to heating premises: the law allows the temperature to drop to 12, 8 and even 4 degrees, but only for a short period of time - 16, 8 and 4 hours, respectively.

Maximum water temperature in radiators

SNiP 41-01-2003 establishes temperature limits from above: for piping from one pipe, heating of the coolant is allowed to 115 degrees, from two - up to 95°C. Despite the permitted values, they rarely exceed 80-85°C.

Attention! These rules apply to indoor parts of the heating system

Parameters by which central heating in the house is turned on

The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation characterizes the need to turn on the heating at an average street temperature of +8°C or less. When heating, the temperature is measured at +5°C or more. Both values must last for at least 5 days in a row.

How to adjust and increase heat transfer

To change the temperature of heating radiators, it is necessary to install special regulators on them. There are 4 types of such devices: regulators with a locking mechanism, manually controlled valves, thermostats with automatic settings, radiator thermostats.

Photo 2. Manual thermostat for a radiator. By turning the knob you can set the desired temperature.

In order to increase the temperature of the radiator, it is necessary to open the regulator and let more coolant into the heating device. And, conversely, to lower the temperature, it is necessary to drain excess coolant.

What to do if there is no heating and a radiator malfunction

After detecting a problem, it is necessary to draw up a report indicating the unacceptably low temperature in the room. They contact the organization that supplies heat. The statement indicates the period during which the problem has been observed and the actual thermometer values. Based on the information, an inspection is carried out, compensation is calculated and a decision is made.

By law, during the heating season there can be a break of no more than 24 hours per month. The following conditions correspond to this: the temperature cannot fall below 12 degrees, and the shutdown should not last 16 hours in a row.

Important! There are two exceptions: the room can be 8-12 degrees for up to 8 hours in a row, or from 4 to 8, but no more than 4. Watch the video, which talks about what heating standards should be in an apartment

Watch a video that talks about what heating standards should be in an apartment.

Knowledge of SNiP and GOST standards will help to detect the problem, solve it and receive compensation for failure to fulfill obligations by the supplier.

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Methods for measuring water in radiators

When considering the question of how to measure the temperature of a battery in an apartment, the following methods can be distinguished:

an ordinary thermometer (on the surface of the radiator);
infrared thermometer;
alcohol thermometer;
special electrical device.

When measuring with a regular thermometer, you need to add 1-2 degrees to the result. A more accurate result will be given by an infrared device, the error of which is 0.5 degrees.

In order to regularly monitor the temperature of the water in the batteries, you can use an alcohol thermometer. To do this, the device is attached with tape to the radiator and wrapped in heat-insulating material.

The battery may not heat up evenly.

You can also use an electric version of the thermometer for measurements. To do this, a wire with a thermocouple is wound to the battery, and it takes readings of the degree of heating. If a consumer calls a special commission to measure the temperature of heating radiators in an apartment, then their device must have a quality certificate and first pass state inspection. The actions of specialists must comply with GOST 30494-96 (clause 4 in the “Control methods” section).

If the temperature of the heating pipes in the apartment is higher than normal, then it can be adjusted in several ways:

using special devices;
ventilation;
using thick curtains.

There are special taps with which you can regulate the temperature. They are installed on each radiator. A simpler method is to ventilate the room. You can also simply use curtains made of dense material, which will let less sunlight into the room. It is much easier to deal with high room temperatures than low ones. What to do if the minimum temperature of the batteries in the apartment is lower than indicated in the temperature chart? To do this you should:

call utility services;
insulate windows, doors and walls;
install new radiators.

If you don’t know how to check the temperature of the batteries in the apartment, you can call specialists. Also read: “Blowing and cleaning batteries.”

Utility services measure plumbing and heating systems. After this, an act is drawn up. Then, if the tenant's claims are confirmed, utility companies must increase or decrease water heating. Another way would be to install new heating radiators. Details about the installation can be found in the video:

You should pay attention to the material from which the batteries are made. Aluminum radiators have high thermal conductivity, so they will transfer heat well

But cast iron, although they are able to retain heat longer, will release it more slowly. Because of this, the room will take a long time to warm up.

Aluminum radiators have high thermal conductivity, so they will transfer heat well. But cast iron, although they are able to retain heat longer, will release it more slowly. Because of this, the room will take a long time to warm up.

The speed of water movement also affects the temperature in the heating pipes in apartments. Don’t forget that corner apartments are always cooler, because they have more walls in contact with the street. To reduce heat loss, it is necessary to insulate the walls. Insulating windows and doors through which cold air enters will also not be superfluous.

You can read more about infrared heating and energy consumption in this article.

Design temperature for refrigeration units

When designing such equipment, engineers primarily take into account indicators such as processing time and safety factor. Also, when calculating refrigeration units, as well as heating systems, the calculated outside air temperature is taken into account. However, in this case, what is taken into account, of course, is not the lowest t° in the year, but the highest.

Unfortunately, in our country at the moment there is practically no reference literature that would indicate the calculated external temperatures for refrigeration units in a given area. However, programs with databases of the highest temperatures for different cities can be found on the Internet. The only thing is that an engineer who needs such information is unlikely to be able to check the primary sources and the reliability of the information in such lists.

Norm for an apartment

What temperature should the heating radiators of an apartment building be? It is useful to know that each room has its own heating standard in an apartment building (2017). Heating standards in apartment buildings 2021: for a living room it is +18; Heating standards in corner apartments due to the presence of external cold walls are higher - +20 degrees; for the kitchen +18; bathroom - +25. This applies to apartments, while for common areas the indicators are as follows: in the entrance - +16; for an elevator it is +5 degrees; in the basement and attic - +4. All measurements in the apartment must be carried out along the internal wall of the room at least 1 m from the nearest external wall and 1.5 m from the floor. If the obtained parameters do not comply with the standards, then they should be presented to the heating network management. In this case, payment may be reduced by 0.15% for each hour of deviation.

Water temperature in the heating system of an apartment building GOST

Foaming. This entails an increase in the volume of coolant and, as a result, an increase in pressure. The reverse process will not be observed when the antifreeze cools;
Formation of limescale. Antifreeze contains a certain amount of mineral components. If the heating temperature in the apartment is violated, they begin to precipitate. Over time, this will lead to clogged pipes and radiators;
Increasing the density index. Malfunctions of the circulation pump may occur if its rated power was not designed for such situations.

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When calculating heat supply, it is necessary to take into account the properties of all components. This is especially true for radiators. What is the optimal temperature for heating radiators - +70°C or +95°C? It all depends on the thermal calculation, which is performed at the design stage.

Heat supply requirements

According to the above-mentioned Resolution, central heating is launched after 5 days, during which the average outside air temperature does not exceed +8 °C. If after 4 cold days it becomes warm again on the fifth, the start of the heating period is delayed until the specified conditions are met. Heating standards stipulate that stopping heating occurs according to the same principle: 5 days must pass with an average daily temperature of +8 °C.

The Decree contains changes that provide for an individual approach to the supply of heat to buildings that fully comply with the requirements for thermal insulation. Heating supply organizations are required to turn on the heating of such houses as soon as the outside temperature drops to the value specified in the design documentation. It is not difficult to guess that in reality these changes are not being carried out very well, and the start of heat supply occurs simultaneously in all residential buildings - insulated and ordinary. During the heating season, the centralized heating system must provide multi-apartment residential buildings with a sufficient amount of thermal energy. In order for the heat supply service to be considered fully provided, the following requirements for permissible air temperature in premises for various purposes must be met: living rooms - from 18 to 24 °C, corner rooms - from 20 °C; bathroom (or separate toilet and bathroom) - from 18 to 26 °C; kitchen (taking into account the heat source in the form of a stove) - from 18 to 26 ° C; pantry - from 12 to 22 °C; corridor - from 16 to 20 °C.

For apartment buildings located in cold northern regions, the lower limit of permissible temperature in living rooms is increased to +20 °C (in corner rooms up to +22 °C). The increase comes into force provided that the frost outside reaches -31 °C (on average per day) and lasts for at least 5 days. It is also allowed to decrease the temperature in the apartment by 3 °C from midnight to 5.00 am. The heat supply to a number of apartments or the building as a whole may be interrupted as a result of an emergency and unforeseen repairs. But regulatory documents allot a certain time for carrying out repair work, depending on weather conditions. The colder the outside air, the sooner the relevant service must repair the fault. The total duration of interruptions in heating operation is no more than 24 hours per month.

Temperature standards for residential premises

The heating system, including taking into account the outside temperature, should be designed in such a way that in rooms for various purposes in a house or apartment a microclimate is subsequently created that complies with current legislation. For residential buildings in our country, the following standards are provided in this regard:

living rooms - temperature in winter is not lower than +18 ° C;
corner living rooms - +20 °C;
bathrooms - +25 °C.

Moreover, if the estimated outside air temperature in a given specific area is below -31 °C, for ordinary residential and corner premises the indicators increase to +20 and +22 °C, respectively.

What you should know about the temperature in heating radiators in an apartment

You can screw a thermal head into the end of the battery.

To live comfortably in an apartment, you need to monitor the temperature of the batteries. To do this you need:

independently measure the temperature of the pipes (use regular, infrared, alcohol thermometers or a special electrical device with a thermocouple);
call utility workers if the temperature does not meet the standards (as a rule, it is lower than required);
if the temperature of the battery during the heating period in the apartment is higher than normal, then special taps can be used to regulate it.

A pleasant microclimate in an apartment is the key to health, so do not neglect it. In addition, the degree of air humidity plays a crucial role. If it is too dry, respiratory problems may result. The amount of fresh air is also standardized for each room separately. According to many experts, the standards are somewhat too high, so even if the air exchange is only half, this is quite acceptable.

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When the housing office carries out work on connecting batteries

In Russia, the heating season begins when the average daily outside air temperature becomes below +8°C, and ends when it begins to exceed +8°C, and it must be maintained for up to five days.

Standards

Let's consider the minimum temperature in the rooms: In the living room +18°C; In the corner room +20°C; In the kitchen +18°C; In the bathroom +25°C; In the lobby and on the landing +16°C; In the elevator room +5°C; In the basement +4°C; In the attic +4°C. This value is measured on the inner wall of each room, and the distance from the outer wall should be 1 m, and from the floor 1.5 m. If hourly deviations from the standard parameters are noticed, then the heating fee should be reduced by 0.15%. Please note that this temperature standard is valid after the opening of the heating season, and there are no indicators for the off-season. You also need to know that hot water must have a temperature from +50°C to +70°C (SNiP 2.08.01.89 “Residential buildings”). It is measured by opening the tap and lowering the thermometer into the container to a special mark.

Design temperature for ventilation

Such engineering systems are required to be installed in apartment buildings. Ventilation networks are also provided in many suburban residential buildings. When designing such systems, as already mentioned, the calculated winter outside air temperature is also taken into account. Using this indicator, the optimal power of the ventilation equipment is subsequently calculated.

In this case, the design is carried out using approximately the same rules as for heating systems. That is, most often:

for lightweight fences, the minimum temperature of the coldest month is taken into account;
for walls of small massiveness - the average outside temperature of the coldest days;
for fences of medium massiveness - the arithmetic mean between the t° readings of the coldest day and the frostiest five-day period;
for massive walls - five-day temperature.

What is the temperature in the batteries

There are certain parameters on this issue: Hot water should be supplied to the taps all year round, the temperature of which should be from +50°C to +70°C; During the heating season, heating devices are completely filled with this liquid. Let's look at how to measure the temperature of a radiator; to do this, open the tap and place a container with a thermometer. In this case, deviations are only possible upward by +4°C. If a problem arises in this matter, then you need to file a complaint with the Housing Office, but if the batteries are airy, then the application must be written to the DEZ. A specialist will come within a week and fix everything. Several more methods for measuring the temperature of heating radiators: Using a thermometer, measure the temperature of the heating pipes or the surface of the radiator. Add 1 - 2°C to the resulting value; In order to make these measurements extremely accurately, purchase an infrared thermometer-pyrometer, which determines the temperature with an accuracy of 0.5 ° C; Take an alcohol thermometer and apply it to the selected place on the radiator, glue it with tape and wrap it with any heat-insulating material (foam rubber, flywheel)

This is a permanent device for measuring the temperature of the heating system; If you have an electrical measuring device at home with the “measure temperature” function, then a wire with a thermocouple is wound to the battery and the temperature of the coolant is measured. This is important! If the temperature of the heating radiators does not satisfy you, then a commission will come to you based on a complaint, which must measure the temperature of the circulating fluid in the heating system. Their actions must comply with paragraph 4, which is specified in the “Control Methods” of GOST 30494−96, and the measuring device must be registered, state tested and have a quality certificate

Its range should vary from +5 to +40°C, and an error of 0.1°C is also acceptable.

It is no less important than the supply - Return of the heating system: what is it

For multi-storey buildings, a single-pipe direct distribution system is often used. It does not have a clear division of pipes into the liquid supply to the radiators and the return, so the complete circuit is conventionally divided into two equal parts. The riser coming out of the boiler is called the supply, and the pipes coming out of the last radiator are called the return. Advantages of this scheme:

Lower (or saddle, crescent-shaped). Provides for connection of supply and return to the lower connecting holes of the radiator. A Mayevsky tap and a plug are installed on the upper holes. Used for systems in which pipes are hidden under the floor or baseboard. Suitable for multi-section radiators; with a small number of sections, heat loss reaches up to 15%.
The lateral method is popular. The pipes are connected to the radiator on one side: coolant supply through the top, return through the bottom. Not suitable for devices with a large number of sections.

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